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سامانه نمک زدایی
Seawater intake well intake systems extract the seawater supply necessary for the operation of the desalination plant by slowly withdrawing water from below the water level at the coastline� Water velocity at the seawater-sand interface is negligible� As such, impingement of larger marine organisms like those retained on bar racks and traveling screens of a power plant does not occur� Since the seawater is filtered through the surrounding sand, entrainment of smaller marine organ- isms such as larval fish, invertebrates, and zooplankton would also be eliminated�
would be needed to convey the source water from the seabed filtration system to the desalination plant would also have all of the impacts that have previously been cited for the seawater intake well and infiltration gallery systems�
After construction had been completed, the presence of structures necessary to house pumps and other equipment needed for the infiltration gallery would likely cause additional impacts (primarily visual and aesthetic)� In addition, the use of this system may also require installation of seawater intake wells that collect the intake water from the infiltration gallery prior to transferring it to the desalination plant for treatment�
Seawater desalination is still a new concept for many coastal states and their preparedness for permitting seawater desalination plant intakes varies greatly� This section provides guidance on the permitting agencies and processes for states that have either engaged in the development of seawater desalination plants (California, Florida, and Texas) or anticipate doing so (Massachusetts), and so have developed some preliminary protocols and guidance on this topic� As the most experi- ence to date exists in California, that state is covered in more detail than the other three reviewed here�
Although open water intakes can impact local navigation and permanently displace exist- ing habitat, these impacts are minor in comparison to the potential effects of entrainment and impingement� The assessment and mitigation of these ecological impacts are key factors in the success and timeliness of permitting a desalination plant open water intake�
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